Sunday, July 6, 2025

How to Go Hilltop Trekking Safely: A Complete Guide

 đŸ‘‰Trekking to a hilltop can be one of the most thrilling and refreshing experiences for nature lovers and adventure seekers alike. Whether you’re chasing panoramic views, testing your endurance, or just craving some fresh mountain air, the journey upward is just as important as the summit itself. But hilltop trekking also comes with its own set of risks. That’s why safety should always come first.

In this blog post, we’ll walk you through everything you need to know to trek safely to a hilltop—before, during, and after your adventure.

đŸĨž Before the Trek: Plan and Prepare

1. Choose the Right Hill for Your Skill Level

Not all hills are created equal. Some require technical climbing skills, while others offer easy trails for beginners. Research the elevation, terrain, and difficulty level before committing.

2. Check the Weather Forecast

Hilltop conditions can change quickly. Avoid trekking during heavy rain, thunderstorms, or extreme heat. Slippery paths, fog, and poor visibility can be dangerous.

3. Pack Smart and Light

Bring essentials like:

  • Comfortable hiking boots with good grip

  • Water (2–3 liters per person)

  • High-energy snacks

  • Rain jacket or windbreaker

  • First-aid kit

  • Map/GPS device or trail app

  • Headlamp or flashlight

  • Fully charged phone and power bank

4. Inform Someone About Your Plans

Always tell a friend or family member where you're going and when you expect to return. It’s a small step that can make a big difference in emergencies.

🧗 During the Trek: Stay Aware and Safe

1. Stick to Marked Trails

Avoid shortcuts or unmarked routes. Trails are marked for safety, and going off-track increases your chances of getting lost or injured.

2. Pace Yourself

Don’t rush to the top. Go at a steady, manageable pace. Take breaks when needed, especially if the air gets thinner with altitude.

3. Hydrate and Fuel Up

Drink water regularly, even if you’re not thirsty. Eat light, energy-rich foods like trail mix, protein bars, or fruits.

4. Be Aware of Your Surroundings

Watch for loose rocks, steep drops, or slippery areas. Stay alert and help fellow trekkers if needed.

5. Avoid Trekking Alone

If possible, go in a group. If you’re alone, consider joining local trekking groups or hiring a certified guide.

🧭 At the Summit and Descent: Don't Let Your Guard Down

1. Enjoy, But Don’t Take Risks

The view is amazing, but don’t stand too close to edges or climb rocks just for photos. One slip can turn deadly.

2. Don’t Linger Too Long

Weather can shift quickly at high altitudes. Start your descent with enough daylight left to safely return.

3. Go Down Carefully

Descending is often more dangerous than going up. Watch your footing, use trekking poles if needed, and take your time.

đŸ§ŗ After the Trek: Recovery and Reflection

  • Stretch and hydrate after your trek.

  • Check for blisters, injuries, or signs of fatigue.

  • Reflect on what went well and what could be improved for next time.

Final Thoughts

Hilltop trekking offers a unique combination of physical challenge, mental clarity, and scenic reward. But it’s not just about reaching the top—it’s about making the journey safe and enjoyable from start to finish. With the right preparation and awareness, you can make your next trek a memorable and secure adventure.

Happy trekking, and stay safe on the trails!


e‑Tax e-Return: ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē‑⧍ā§Ģ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāĻŦāĻ›āϰে āϟিāĻāύ āϧাāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻ†ā§ŸāĻ•āϰ āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟া

 

đŸ–Ĩ️ ā§§. āĻ…āύāϞাāχāύে āĻĢাāχāϞিং āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāϤাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• (e-Return)

  • NBR ⧝–⧝–⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦৈāϧ āύাāĻ—āϰিāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ…āύāϞাāχāύ āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϏিāϏ্āϟেāĻŽ āϚাāϞু āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে 

  • āĻĸাāĻ•া āĻ“ āφāĻļāĻĒাāĻļেāϰ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰি, āĻŦ্āϝাংāĻ•, āϟেāϞিāϝোāĻ—াāϝোāĻ— āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύেāϰ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϚাāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ āĻ…āύāϞাāχāύেāχ āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āĻĢাāχāϞ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে

  • āĻŦা⧟োāĻŽেāϟ্āϰিāĻ• āĻāϏāφāχāĻāĻŽ āφāϏāϞ āϜাāϤী⧟ āĻĒāϰিāϚ⧟–āύিāĻŦāύ্āϧāύ āύাāĻŽ্āĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϞিংāĻ• āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে—*16001# āĻĄা⧟াāϞ āĻ•āϰে āϝাāϚাāχāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟

🗓️ ⧍. āϏāĻŽā§ŸāϏীāĻŽা āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāϏাāϰিāϤ āĻĄেāĻĄāϞাāχāύ

  • āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āĻĢাāχāϞিং āĻĄেāĻĄāϞাāχāύ āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে ā§Šā§Ļ āύāĻ­েāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ (āχāύāĻ•াāĻŽ āĻ‡ā§Ÿাāϰ āϜুāύ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ)।

🔧 ā§Ē. āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰেāϰ āϏুāĻŦিāϧা āĻ“ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύāϝোāĻ—্āϝāϤা

  • NBR āϏিāϏ্āϟেāĻŽে āϏ্āĻŦ⧟ংāĻ•্āϰি⧟ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ, āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āφāϰāĻ•াāχāĻ­িং, āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϰিāĻ­িāĻļāύ (āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āĻĻাāĻ–িāϞেāϰ ā§§ā§Žā§Ļ āĻĻিāύেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏংāĻļোāϧāύী āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟) āϏুāĻŦিāϧা āĻĻি⧟েāĻ›ে

  • āϟ্āϝাāĻ•্āϏ āĻĒāϰিāĻļোāϧেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āχāύ্āϟাāϰāύেāϟ/āĻŽোāĻŦাāχāϞ āĻŦ্āϝাংāĻ•িং āĻ“ āĻĄেāĻŦিāϟ/āĻ•্āϰেāĻĄিāϟ āĻ•াāϰ্āĻĄ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰেāϰ āϏুāĻŦিāϧা āϰ⧟েāĻ›ে

📋 ā§Ģ. āĻ•াāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•ি āĻĻাāĻ–িāϞ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে?

  • āϝাāϰা e‑TIN āφāĻ›ে, āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ†ā§Ÿ āĻŦা āĻ•āϰ āĻĻেāĻ–াāϰ āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύ āύা āĻĨাāĻ•āϞেāĻ“ āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āĻĢাāχāϞ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে 

💰 ā§Ŧ. āĻ•āϰ āĻšাāϰ āĻ“ āĻ›া⧜āĻĒāϤ্āϰ

  • āĻ•āϰ āĻšাāϰ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āύিāĻŽ্āύāϰূāĻĒ (āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ: ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē‑⧍ā§Ģ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ):

    • āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ ā§Šā§Ģā§Ļ,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ āϟাāĻ•া = ā§Ļ%,

    • āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤী ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ = ā§Ģ%,

    • āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤী ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļ,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ = ā§§ā§Ļ%,

    • āϤাāϰāĻĒāϰ ā§Ēā§Ļā§Ļ,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ = ā§§ā§Ģ%, ā§Ģā§Ļā§Ļ,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ = ⧍ā§Ļ%, āĻāĻŦং āĻŦাāĻ•ি āĻ†ā§Ÿ ⧍ā§Ģ–ā§Šā§Ļ% 

  • āĻĒে-āĻāϞোāĻĄ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ: Provident Fund, Superannuation, Gratuity, Zakat, National Savings, Bonds, āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰি āĻ•োāĻŽ্āĻĒাāύিāϤে āĻļে⧟াāϰ āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি—āĻāχāϏāĻŦ āĻŦিāύি⧟োāĻ—ে āϰিāĻŦেāϟ āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝা⧟ 

  • āĻŦিāύি⧟োāĻ— āĻ•āϰে āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāϚ্āϚ ⧍ā§Ļ% āĻ•āϰāϝোāĻ—্āϝ āĻ†ā§Ÿ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ ā§§ā§Ģ% āϰিāĻŦেāϟ āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝা⧟ 

⛔ ā§­. āϜāϰিāĻŽাāύা āĻ“ āϜāϰিāĻŽাāύা āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি

  • āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āύা āĻĻিāϞে: āĻ•āϰেāϰ ā§§ā§Ļ% āĻ•িংāĻŦা āĻŽিāύিāĻŽাāĻŽ BDT ā§§,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āϜāϰিāĻŽাāύা

  • āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻŽাāϏে āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ ⧍% āĻ•āϰে āϜāϰিāĻŽাāύা āĻŦāϏে। āĻ•োāĻŽ্āĻĒাāύিāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে BDT ā§Ģ,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ/āĻŽাāϏ āϜāϰিāĻŽাāύা āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে ।

  • āĻšোāϟেāϞ-āĻšাāϏāĻĒাāϤাāϞāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•āϰ āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϟেāĻŦিāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϰ্āĻļāύ āύা āĻ•āϰāϞে BDT ⧍ā§Ļ,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ āĻŦা āϤাāϰāĻ“ āĻŦেāĻļি āϜāϰিāĻŽাāύা āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে 

✅ āϏ্āϟেāĻĒ-āĻŦাāχ-āϏ্āϟেāĻĒ āĻĢাāχāϞিং āĻ—াāχāĻĄ

  1. āĻĒ্āϰ⧟োāϜāύী⧟ āĻĄāĻ•ুāĻŽেāύ্āϟ āχāĻĻেāύāϟিāĻĢাāχ āĻ•āϰুāύ: e‑TIN, āĻŦ্āϝাংāĻ• āϏ্āϟেāϟāĻŽেāύ্āϟ, āĻ†ā§Ÿ-āĻ–āϰāϚেāϰ āĻĄāĻ•ুāĻŽেāύ্āϟ, āĻŦিāύি⧟োāĻ—েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ, āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি।

  2. eTax NBR āĻĒোāϰ্āϟাāϞে āϞāĻ—āχāύ āĻ•āϰুāύ: (etaxnbr.gov.bd)। āϝāĻĻি āύāϤুāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰāĻ•াāϰী āĻšāύ, āφāĻ—ে āϰেāϜিāϏ্āϟ্āϰেāĻļāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āĻŦা⧟োāĻŽেāϟ্āϰিāĻ• āĻāϏāφāχāĻāĻŽ āĻĻি⧟ে।

  3. āχāύāĻ•াāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻ–āϰāϚ āϤāĻĨ‍্āϝ āχāύāĻĒুāϟ āĻ•āϰুāύ: āϏ্āĻŦ⧟ংāĻ•্āϰি⧟ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦ āϏুāĻŦিāϧাāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻ•্āϝাāϞāĻ•ুāϞেāĻļāύ āύিāϜেāχ āĻšā§Ÿে āϝাāĻŦে।

  4. āϰিāĻŦেāϟ/āĻĄিāĻĄাāĻ•āĻļāύ āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰুāύ: Provident Fund, āĻĻাāύ, āĻŦিāύিāϝ়োāĻ— āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰুāύ।

  5. āϟাāϰ্āύ-āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻ“ āĻĒেāĻŽেāύ্āϟ āĻ•āϰুāύ: āĻ…āύāϞাāχāύে āĻĒেāĻŽেāύ্āϟ āĻāĻŦং āϰāϏিāĻĻ/āϏāύāĻĻ āĻĄাāωāύāϞোāĻĄ āĻ•āϰে āϰাāĻ–ুāύ।

  6. āĻ…্āϝাāĻ•āύāϞেāϜāĻŽেāύ্āϟ āĻ“ āϏাāϰ্āϟিāĻĢিāĻ•েāϟ āϏংāϰāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰুāύ: āĻĒ্āϰিāύ্āϟ āϏংāϰāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āϰাāĻ–ুāύ āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤেāϰ āĻ•াāϜে।

🔍 āωāĻĒāϏংāĻšাāϰ

FY 2024‑25 āĻĒ⧜েāĻ›ি āĻĄিāϜিāϟাāϞাāχāϜেāĻļāύেāϰ āϝুāĻ—ে, NBR āĻāϰ āχ-āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āĻĒ্āϞ্āϝাāϟāĻĢāϰ্āĻŽ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ…āύāϞাāχāύে āĻ•āϰ āĻĢাāχāϞিং āϝাāϚ্āĻ›ে āϏāĻšāϜে, āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āĻāĻŦং āĻ•āĻŽ āĻাāĻŽেāϞা⧟। āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤে āĻāϟি āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāϤাāĻŽূāϞāĻ• āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻĒāĻĨে, āϤাāχ āĻ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻĨেāĻ•েāχ āφāĻĒāύি āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤুāϤ āĻšোāύ:

  • āĻĄāĻ•ুāĻŽেāύ্āϟ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤুāϤি

  • āĻŦা⧟োāĻŽেāϟ্āϰিāĻ• SIM āϰেāϜিāϏ্āϟ্āϰেāĻļāύ

  • āϏāĻ িāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāχ āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āĻĢাāχāϞিং

  • āϰিāĻŦেāϟ āĻ“ āĻŦিāύি⧟োāĻ—েāϰ āϏুāĻŦিāϧা āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ

Saturday, August 12, 2023

āĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻ†ā§ŸāĻ•āϰ āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻŦāύ্āϧ ā§Šā§Ļ āύāĻ­েāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰেāϰ āĻĒāϰ, āĻŦিāϏ্āϤাāϰিāϤ āϜেāύে āύিāύ (New Rules for Income Tax 2023)

 āύāϤুāύ āĻ†ā§ŸāĻ•āϰ āφāχāύে āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻĻুঃāϏংāĻŦাāĻĻ āϰ⧟েāĻ›ে। āφāĻ—াāĻŽী ā§Šā§Ļ āύāĻ­েāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰেāϰ āĻĒāϰে āφāĻĒāύি āϚাāχāϞেāĻ“ āφāϰ āĻ†ā§ŸāĻ•āϰ āĻŦিāĻŦāϰāĻŖী āĻŦা āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻিāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦেāύ āύা। āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦা⧜াāύোāϰ āφāĻŦেāĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ—āĻ“ āϰাāĻ–া āĻšā§Ÿāύি āύāϤুāύ āφāχāύে। āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•ি āϏুāĻĻ āĻ“ āϜāϰিāĻŽাāύা āĻĻি⧟েāĻ“ āφāĻĒāύি āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻিāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦেāύ āύা। āύāϤুāύ āĻ†ā§ŸāĻ•āϰ āφāχāύে āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ–āϏংāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤ āĻĒুāϰোāύো āĻŦিāϧিāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āύāϤুāύ āĻ†ā§ŸāĻ•āϰ āφāχāύ āϘেঁāϟে āĻāϏāĻŦ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻ—েāĻ›ে।

āύāϤুāύ āĻ†ā§ŸāĻ•āϰ āφāχāύ āχāϤিāĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻāϰ āφāĻ“āϤা⧟ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤাāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ ā§Šā§Ļ āύāĻ­েāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āϤা āύা āĻšāϞে āϤাঁāϰ āύিāϜেāϰ āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āφāϰ āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ— āύেāχ। āĻāĻ•āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āϝāĻĻি āĻ•āϰ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāĻ•āϰ্āϤা āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰেāύ āϝে āϤিāύি āĻ“āχ āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤাāϰ āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āύেāĻŦেāύ, āϤাāĻšāϞেāχ āĻ•েāĻŦāϞ āϤিāύি āĻ“āχ āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤাāĻ•ে āύোāϟিāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāύ।

āĻĒুāϰোāύো āφāχāύেāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻŦāĻ›āϰ ā§Šā§Ļ āύāĻ­েāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ āĻ•āϰ āĻĻিāĻŦāϏ āĻĒাāϞিāϤ āĻšāĻŦে। āϏেāĻĻিāύāχ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāĻļ্āϰেāĻŖিāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϏাāϰা āĻŦāĻ›āϰেāϰ āĻ†ā§Ÿ-āĻŦ্āϝ⧟েāϰ āĻ–āĻŦāϰ āϜাāύি⧟ে āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āĻĻাāĻ–িāϞ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻļেāώ āĻĻিāύ। āĻĒুāϰোāύো āφāχāύ āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী, āĻ•োāύো āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤা āϝāĻĻি āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϏংāĻ—āϤ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻিāϤে āύা āĻĒাāϰেāύ, āϤাāĻšāϞে āϤিāύি āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦা⧜াāύোāϰ āφāĻŦেāĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰāϤেāύ। āĻ•āϰ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāĻ•āϰ্āϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽে āĻĻুāχ āĻŽাāϏ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĻিāϤেāύ। āĻ“āχ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻিāϤে āĻĒাāϰāϞে āφāϰāĻ“ āĻĻুāχ āĻŽাāϏ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦা⧜াāύোāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ— āĻ›িāϞ। āĻāχ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤা āĻļুāϧু ā§Ē āĻļāϤাংāĻļ āĻŦিāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦ āϏুāĻĻ āĻĻিāϤেāύ। āύāϤুāύ āφāχāύে āφāĻŦেāĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ— āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে ā§Šā§Ļ āύāĻ­েāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āύা āĻĻিāϞে āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤা āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦা⧜াāύোāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āφāĻŦেāĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦেāύ āύা। āĻĒুāϰোāύো āφāχāύেāϰ ā§­ā§Ž āϧাāϰা⧟ āφāϰেāĻ•āϟি āϏুāϝোāĻ— āĻ›িāϞ। āϏেāϟি āĻšāϞো āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽাāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒেāϰোāύোāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤাāϰা āĻ•āϰ āĻ•াāϰ্āϝাāϞ⧟ে āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦা⧜াāύোāϰ āφāĻŦেāĻĻāύ āύা āĻ•āϰেāĻ“ āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻিāϤে āĻĒাāϰāϤেāύ। āϏে āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āϏুāĻĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻৈāύিāĻ• āĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāϤে āϜāϰিāĻŽাāύা—āĻĻুāϟিāχ āφāϰোāĻĒ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϤো। āύāϤুāύ āφāχāύে āĻāχ āϏুāϝোāĻ—āĻ“ āϰাāĻ–া āĻšā§Ÿāύি। āĻĢāϞে āϏ্āĻŦেāϚ্āĻ›া⧟ āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āϏুāϝোāĻ—āϟিāĻ“ āĻļেāώ āĻšāϞো।


āϤাāĻšāϞে āωāĻĒা⧟ 


āĻāĻ–āύ āĻ•োāύো āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤা āϝāĻĻি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ ā§Šā§Ļ āύāĻ­েāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻিāϤে āύা āĻĒাāϰেāύ, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻ•ি āĻŦিāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦে āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻ•োāύো āωāĻĒা⧟ āφāĻ›ে? āύāϤুāύ āφāχāύ āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী āωāĻĒা⧟ āφāĻ›ে।

āϏেāχ āωāĻĒা⧟ āĻšāϞো, āϝāĻĻি āĻ•āϰ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāĻ•āϰ্āϤা āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰেāύ āϝে āĻ“āχ āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤাāĻ•ে āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻিāϤেāχ āĻšāĻŦে, āϤাāĻšāϞেāχ āĻ•েāĻŦāϞ āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝাāĻŦে। āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤা āχāϚ্āĻ›াāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻŦিāώ⧟āϟি āφāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻ›ে āύা। āύāϤুāύ āĻ†ā§ŸāĻ•āϰ āφāχāύেāϰ ⧧⧭⧍ āϧাāϰা āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী, āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒাāϰ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻĒāϰ āωāĻĒ–āĻ•āϰ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύাāϰেāϰ āĻŽāϤে āϝāĻĻি āĻ“āχ āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤাāϰ āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽাāϰ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāĻŦাāϧāĻ•āϤা āĻĨাāĻ•ে, āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻ“āχ āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤাāĻ•ে āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āύোāϟিāĻļ āĻĻেāĻŦেāύ āĻ•āϰ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāĻ•āϰ্āϤা। āύোāϟিāĻļ āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ ⧍⧧ āĻĻিāύেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻŦা āĻ•āϰ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāĻ•āϰ্āϤা āϝে āϏāĻŽā§ŸāϏীāĻŽা āĻ…āύুāĻŽোāĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāύ, āϏেāχ āϏāĻŽā§ŸāϏীāĻŽাāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻেāĻŦেāύ āĻ“āχ āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤা।

āĻāĻ­াāĻŦে āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āĻĻিāϤে āĻ—েāϞে āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤাāϰ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦিāĻĒāϤ্āϤি āφāĻ›ে। āύāϤুāύ āφāχāύেāϰ ā§§ā§­ā§Ē āϧাāϰা⧟ āĻŦāϞা āφāĻ›ে, āĻ•āϰেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āϏāϰāϞ āϏুāĻĻ āφāϰোāĻĒেāϰ āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āĻ•োāύো āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻ•āϰ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝাāĻšāϤি āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝাāĻŦে āύা। āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤাāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āϝāϤ āϟাāĻ•া āĻ•āϰ āϧাāϰ্āϝ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤাāĻ•ে āϏেāχ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ āϟাāĻ•া āĻ•āϰ āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āĻ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻ•োāύো āĻ•āϰ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝাāĻšāϤি āĻŽিāϞāĻŦে āύা।


āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝেāϤে āĻĒাāϰে, āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϚাāĻ•āϰিāϜীāĻŦী āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤা āĻŦা⧜িāĻ­া⧜া, āϝাāϤা⧟াāϤ āĻ“ āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏা āĻ­াāϤা⧟ āĻ•āϰ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝাāĻšāϤি āĻĒাāύ। āĻŽোāϟ āĻ†ā§Ÿেāϰ āĻāĻ•-āϤৃāϤী⧟াংāĻļ āĻŦা āϏা⧜ে āϚাāϰ āϞাāĻ– āϟাāĻ•া—āϝেāϟি āĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāĻŦে, āϤা āĻ•āϰ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝাāĻšāϤি āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻŽিāϞāĻŦে। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু ā§§ā§­ā§Ē āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ āϧাāϰা āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĒ্āϰāϝোāϜ্āϝ āĻšāĻŦে, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻ•āϰ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝাāĻšāϤি āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝাāĻŦে āύা। āĻ āĻ›া⧜া āĻ•āϰ āĻ…āĻŦ্āϝাāĻšāϤিāĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύেāϰ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽীāĻĻেāϰāĻ“ āĻ•āϰ āĻĻিāϤে āĻšāĻŦে।


āĻ āĻŦিāώ⧟ে āϜাāϤী⧟ āϰাāϜāϏ্āĻŦ āĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄেāϰ (āĻāύāĻŦিāφāϰ) āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āωāϚ্āϚāĻĒāĻĻāϏ্āĻĨ āĻ•āϰ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāĻ•āϰ্āϤা āĻŦāϞেāύ, āύāϤুāύ āφāχāύে āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻ…āύāĻŽāύী⧟ āĻŽāύোāĻ­াāĻŦ āĻĻেāĻ–ি⧟েāĻ›ে। ā§Šā§Ļ āύāĻ­েāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏāĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻĻাāϤাāĻ•ে āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা⧟ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে, āϝা āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦāϏāĻŽ্āĻŽāϤ āύ⧟।


āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ ⧝ā§Ļ āϞাāĻ– āĻ•āϰ āĻļāύাāĻ•্āϤāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰāϧাāϰী (āϟিāφāχāĻāύ) āϰ⧟েāĻ›েāύ। āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ ā§Šā§Ļ āϞাāĻ–েāϰ āĻŽāϤো āϰিāϟাāϰ্āύ āϜāĻŽা āĻĻেāύ।

Tuesday, December 29, 2020

Can pregnant women receive the Covid-19 vaccine?

Clinical trials for the Pfizer BioNTech Vaccine did not include either pregnant or lactating women, and the company has said available data is so far "insufficient" to determine any risks to pregnancy posed by the vaccine.

In the UK, this absence of data has led regulators to exclude pregnant and breastfeeding women from vaccination programme. In the US, the decision has been left up to these women themselves.

Here's why the two countries are split, and what that means for pregnant women.

So far, it doesn't say much at all.

"There were no data, period," said Dr Ruth Faden, a bioethicist at Johns Hopkins University, who specialises in the rights and health of pregnant women. There is no suggestion that the jab is especially risky for pregnant and lactating women, there just isn't yet enough information to say.

Pfizer has said it followed the guidance of the US Food and Drug Administration in leaving out pregnant and breastfeeding women from its clinical trials. These women will not be included in clinical trials until the company completes so-called Dart studies (developmental and reproductive toxicity), often conducted in animals.

Experts say this is customary.

"In non-pandemic times, if you are talking about a brand new vaccine, most reasonable people who are committed to advancing the interests of pregnant women and their offspring would still say we should not involve pregnant women" in early clinical trials, Dr Faden said. "You can't put them in right from the beginning".

In bioethics, pregnant women are described as "a complex population", Dr Faden said. "Nowhere else do you have two entities at one time, both of whom are objects of moral concern."

"And by and large, no one cares more about the well-being of the offspring than the pregnant woman. The first question you usually get is 'will this be safe for my baby?'" she said.

But the decision to leave out pregnant women from clinical trials is more complicated in the midst of a pandemic.

"We're in a tough place," said Dr Emily Stinnett Miller, an obstetrician at Northwestern University and a member of the Covid-19 task force of the Society for Maternal and Fetal Medicine. "They're having to make critical decisions quickly, and there are pros and cons to inclusion and exclusion."

A serious con - a lack of data - is evident now. "We don't really have the data to make these clinical decisions that we need to make," Dr Miller said.

Faced with the same lack of data, the UK and US are split in their policy response.

"When you have no data that speaks specifically to the question, then the next question is to step back and say 'OK, what otherwise do we know?'" Dr Faden said.

The UK has taken the more cautious path. On its website, Public Health England said that while the evidence "raises no concerns for safety in pregnancy", the agency "wants to see more non-clinical data" before finalising its advice for pregnancy.

"As specific clinical trials of Covid-19 vaccines in pregnant women have not yet been carried out, there isn't sufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of Covid-19 vaccines to pregnant or breastfeeding women," said Dr Edward Morris, president of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG), in a statement.

Experts in the US went another way, leaving the the decision of vaccination to pregnant and breastfeeding women.

"The experts came to a consensus view that scientific plausibility of harm just wasn't there," Dr Faden said. But, she cautioned, "that doesn't mean zero".

The Covid vaccine trials may have happened at breakneck speed, but they haven't skipped any steps, regulators in the US and UK have said, and approval is only given when a vaccine is both safe and effective.

In both countries, pregnant and lactating women will have to wait for more information before getting a clearer recommendation on the vaccine.

Preliminary results from Pfizer's developmental and reproductive toxicity studies are expected by the end of the year. Once these studies are complete, the company may expand its clinical trials to include pregnant women. There are also a handful of women who became pregnant while in the midst of the trial who will be monitored through their pregnancy.

The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists has urged the UK government to fund research studies on the vaccine and its suitability for pregnant and breastfeeding women. And data will also be collected from pregnant and breastfeeding women in the US who elect to take the vaccine in the coming months. This will come first from the country's healthcare workers - among the first in the US to be eligible - some 330,000 of whom are estimated to be pregnant or breastfeeding.

"We'll have to keep our fingers crossed that this data...will allow an unambiguous, full-throated recommendation on pregnancy," Dr Faden said.

In the meantime, some pregnant and breastfeeding women say they will avoid the jab.

Joanna Sullivan, 35, who lives in southwest Ohio, is expecting her first baby in June. She does not plan to seek the vaccine until after she gives birth.  "I don't know about any kind of complications, and being my first one, being older, there's already higher risk there," she said. And while it would be "helpful" to see how other pregnant women respond, Mrs Sullivan said she will likely hold off. In Gloucestershire, England, Amy Collender, 34, said she might consider the jab while breastfeeding, but only now that her son is nearly two years old. "If I had a newborn baby, I might not," she said. And if she were still pregnant, she would likely choose to opt-out. And both women said that while they'd like more information, they would not volunteer to participate in a clinical trial themselves. "That's the thing, I understand why there weren't pregnant people doing the trial," Mrs Sullivan said. "Who wants to put their baby at risk?" But according to Dr Faden, successful inoculation against Covid-19 means that pregnant and breastfeeding must be included. "We cannot have an effective vaccine against this pandemic unless we have a vaccine that pregnant women can take, full stop," Dr Faden said.

Thursday, May 14, 2020

What is a novel coronavirus?


What is a novel coronavirus?

•Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause a wide range of illness from the common cold to more severe diseases

•i.e., Middle East Respiratory Syndrome [MERS] and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome [SARS]

•A novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans.

 •Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause a wide range of illness from the common cold to more severe diseases. They are often zoonotic.

•I.e., Middle East Respiratory Syndrome [MERS] and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome [SARS]

•Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans.

•On 31 December 2019, the WHO China Country Office was informed of pneumonia cases of unknown cause in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of China.A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was isolated and identifiedas the causative virus by Chinese authorities on 7 January.

Ref: WHO website